Cell growth occurs in a liquid environment. Next, callus creation is induced by cutting the plant and moving the taken stem cells to agar plates. The first step is the selection of the plant part (fruit, leaf, or root). For cosmetic purposes, plant stem cells are reproduced in cell culture with a micropropagation method (microreproduction), which involves in vitro cell culture. It allows plants to build new organs throughout their life. The plant stem cells that are present in growing tips are characterised with totipotency, i.e., the ability of one cell to divide and produce all differentiated cells in an organism. The growth process occurs in them through systematic cell division. The plant meristems contain growing tips. All parts of the plant, including leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds, are formed from the connective tissue cells which are in the apical part of the stem. In these places, the cells divide throughout the plant’s life, creating new organs. The plant stem cells are found in shoot apical meristems and root lateral meristems. In recent years, special attention has been paid to stem cells and their potential in the stimulation process of the proliferation of the epidermis stem cells. The recently popular ingredients also include: phytohormones, cytokines, and neuropeptides. The substances which regenerate and delay aging of the skin include nucleic acids, protein hydrolysates, algae extracts rich in microelements, EFA plant oils (especially oils from cereal germs, oenothera oil, borage oil), and alpha hydroxy acids (AHA) with keratolytic and softening effects. The second group of materials found in such cosmetics contains substances which neutralise free radicals: vitamins E and C, coenzyme Q10, carotenoids, or polyphenols and flavonoids found in plant extracts. Therefore, anti-aging cosmetics contain substances that protect the skin from solar radiation (UV filters). The aim of modern anti-aging cosmetics is to improve the look of the skin by stimulating and regenerating natural physiological processes that improve the skin condition and to protect the skin from factors that cause its aging, regardless of its actual age. In order to slow skin aging, methods are being researched which would strengthen and protect skin cells. As a result, replication is immediately interrupted and, in consequence, telomeres are shortened. One of the direct consequences of the DNA exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is damage within the particularly sensitive oxidation sequence, which is rich in guanine, at the endings of 3’ telomeres. In addition to the end-replication problem, the progressive destruction of telomeric DNA may occur due to long-term exposure of the cells to stressors, especially oxidative stress. It is believed that this phenomenon can be the result of the end-replication problem, i.e., the inability of the DNA polymerase to completely synthesise a daughter strand on the parental lagging strand matrix. It is initiated with an ongoing loss of telomeric repeats and is accompanied by the uncapping of the telomere loop structure. The first of the abovementioned mechanisms characterises cells with a high proliferation potential (e.g., fibroblasts).
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